1. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students.
2. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students — Dr. Mario R. Capecchi- Specific Gene Modifications -Physiology or Medicine 2007.
3. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students — Dr. Martin Chalfie -Green Fluorescent Protein Tag — Chemistry 2008.
4. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students- Dr. Bruce Beutler -Sensing Infection — Medicine or Physiology 2011.
5. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students.
6. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students. Dr. Martin Karplus, Dr. Michael Levitt, Dr. Arieh Warshel- Understanding the Complex Biological System — Chemistry 2013.
7. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students. Dr. May-Britt Moser -The Neural Grid System -Physiology or Medicine 2014.
8. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students- Dr. John O’Keefe -The Brain’s Positioning System -Medicine or Physiology 2014.
9. Nobel Stories by High School Students.
10. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students- Dr. Richard Henderson-A Glimpse of Cellular Infrastructure -Chemistry 2017.
11. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students -Dr. Gregg L. Samenza – Hypoxia & Adaptability
12. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students-. Dr. Charles M. Rice- Decoding the Viral Genome.
13. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students. — Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna — The Game-Changing Genetic Scissors — Chemistry 2020.
14. Nobel Prize Stories by High School Students-Dr. Ardem Patapoutian- Dr. David Julius- Sensing Heat, Cold, and Touch.

Chapter 1

1. Hodgkin, Jonathan. “Obituary Sydney Brenner (1927-2019).” Current Biology Magazine, 20 May 2019.

2. Lawrence, Peter A. “Sydney Brenner: A Master of Science and of Wit.” Development, vol. 146, no. 9, 1 May 2019, Accessed 12 Sept. 2022.

3. “Redirect Notice.” Google.com, 2022. Accessed 16 Dec. 2022.

4. Science History Institute. “James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin.” Science History Institute, 23 Feb. 2018.

5. Shuzhen, Sim. “Sydney Brenner, “Father of the Worm” and Decoder of DNA, Dies at 92.” Asian Scientist, 5 Apr. 2019. Accessed 12 Sept. 2022.

6. Strkalj, Goran. “Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark: The Sarawak Years.” ResearchGate, June 2014,  Accessed 15 Dec. 2022. Read more

7. “Sydney Brenner Obituary.” The Guardian, 5 Apr. 2019,. Accessed 16 Dec. 2022. Read More

8. “The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation | Learn Science at Scitable.” Nature.com, 2014.

9. “University of Oxford | History, Colleges, & Notable Alumni.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019.

10. Wade, Nicholas. “Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92.” The New York Times, 5 Apr. 2019,  Read More

11. Wikipedia Contributors. “Caenorhabditis Elegans.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Oct. 2019, Read More

12. “Wits University Makes Light Work.” Study International, 23 Sept. 2021.

Chapter 2

1. Mario R. Capecchi – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Fri. 13 Jan 2023.

2. Oliver Smithies – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Fri. 13 Jan 2023.

3. Oliver Smithies – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Fri. 13 Jan 2023. For more information…………. 199

4. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Mario R. Capecchi”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Oct. 2022.

5. Capecchi, M. R. (1966). Cell-free protein synthesis programmed with R17 RNA: Identification of two phage proteins. J. Mol. Bol. 21:173–193.

6. Capecchi, M. R. and Gussin, G. N. (1965). Suppression in vitro: Identification of a serine-tRNA as a “Nonsense Suppressor.” Science 149:417–422.

7. Adams, J. M. and Capecchi, M. R. (1966). N-formylmethionine-tRNA as the initiator of protein syntheses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55:147–155.

8. Capecchi, M. R. (1966). Initiation of E. coli proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55:1517–1524.

9. Capecchi, M. R. (1967). Polypeptide chain termination in vitro: Isolation of a release factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58:1144–1151.

10. Capecchi, M. R. and Klein, H. A. (1970). Release factors mediating termination of complete proteins. Nature 26:1029–1033.

11. “Capecchi, Mario Renato”. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed… Encyclopedia.com. 21 Dec. 2022 .

Chapter 3

1. Green Fluorescent Protein – GFP History – Marty Chalfie, Read More

2. YouTube, 17 January 2019, Read More

3. YouTube, 17 January 2019.

4. Brenner, S. “The green fluorescent protein: discovery, expression and development.” Nobel Prize, 8 October 2008, Read More

5. “Chalfie.” Columbia University: Biological Sciences.

6. Khetrapal, Afsaneh. “GFP Applications.” News Medical, Read More

7. Lipsky, Peter E. “A flow cytometric method to detect protein-protein interaction in living cells by directly visualizing donor fluorophore quenching during CFP–>YFP fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).” PubMed, Read More

8. “Martin Chalfie – Biographical – NobelPrize.org.” Nobel Prize, Read More

9. Persons, Michael. “Brainbow – Harvard University Brain Tour.” Harvard Brain Tour, 30 September 2016.

10. “ZEISS Microscopy Online Campus | Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins.” Zeiss Campus.

11. Zou, Yawen. “Green Fluorescent Protein | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia.” The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, 11 June 2014, Read More

12. Chalfie M., Tu Y., Euskirchen G., Ward W. W., Prasher D. C., 1994. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263: 802– 805. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Chapter 4

1. MLA style: Bruce A. Beutler – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Wed. 17 Aug 2022.

2. https://profiles.utsouthwestern.edu/profile/10593/bruce-beutler.html

3. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1311624110
https://www. pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1210583109

4. Wikipedia

5. Beutler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, Pan YC, Mathison J, Ulevitch R, Cerami A. (1985). Identity of tumour necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin. Nature. Aug 8-14;316(6028):552-4. doi: 10.1038/316552a0. PMID: 2993897.

7. Beutler, B. A. (2009). TLRs and innate immunity. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 113(7), 1399-1407.

8. Akira, S., Uematsu, S., & Takeuchi, O. (2006). Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell, 124(4), 783-801.

9. Kawai, T., Akira, S. (2010). The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11, 373– 384. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1863

Chapter 5

1. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2012/press-release/

2. https://medicine.duke.edu/profile/robert-j-lefkowitz

3. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Lefkowitz

4. https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/

5. https://dukecancerinstitute.org/member/lefkowitz-robert

6. https://examples.yourdictionary.com/catchy-headlines-examples. html

7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.201301924

8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067499800234

9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kobilka

Chapter 6

1. MLA style: Martin Karplus – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Mon. 5 Dec 2022. For more information…………. 202

2. MLA style: Arieh Warshel – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Mon. 5 Dec 2022.

3. MLA style: Michael Levitt – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Mon. 5 Dec 2022.

4. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/warshel-lecture.pdf

5. Development of Multiscale Models for Complex Chemical Systems From H+H2 to Biomolecules: Lecture Slides

6. Gelin, BR. April 1976. Application of Empirical Energy Functions to Conformational Problems in Biochemical Systems. Harvard PhD Thesis.

7. https://youtu.be/ARKFUWWXUhQ

8. Walpole J, Papin JA, Peirce SM. Multiscale computational models of complex biological systems. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2013;15:137-54. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150104. Epub 2013 Apr 29. PMID: 23642247; PMCID: PMC3970111.

9. Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. “Martin Karplus”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Jan. 2023, Read More

Chapter 7

1. May-Britt Moser – Biographical – NobelPrize.org.

2. Nobel laureate May-Britt Moser:”The Norwegian stance on equality gave me a unique opportunity” (sciencenorway.no)

3. May-Britt Moser – Facts – NobelPrize.org

4. The Incredible True Tale Of “The Queen of Neuroscience”And Her Nobel Prize | HuffPost Impact Accessed 11/29/2022.Fyhn, M, Molden,
S, Witter, M.P, Moser, E.I. and Moser, M.B. (2004). “Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex”. Science, 305, 1258–1264.Leutgeb, S., For more information…………. 203 Leutgeb, J.K., Barnes, C.A., Moser, E.I., McNaughton, B.L., and Moser, M.-B (2005). “Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in the hippocampus”. Science, 309, 619–623.Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M.-B., and Moser, E.I. (2005). “Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex”. Nature, 436, 801–806.Sargolini, F., Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., McNaughton, B.L., Witter, M.P., Moser, M.-B., and Moser, E.I. (2006). “Conjunctive representation of position, direction and velocity in entorhinal cortex”. Science, 312, 754–758.

Chapter 8

Interview.
1. I used this source to quote John O’Keefe in my chapter about cognitive maps. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=favAUcplFKI
Interview.

2. I used this source to find out what really persuaded John O’Keefe to study the brain, the hippocampus in particular. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9AgkmxdRDM&t=24s “John O’Keefe British-American Neuroscientist.” Britannice Biography, www.britannica.com/biography/John-OKeefe. Accessed 23 Dec. 2022.

3. I used this source to get basic information on John O’Keefe, May-Britt, and Edvard l. Moser. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/may-brittmoser/facts/. Accessed 25 Dec. 2022.

4. I used this source to learn facts about May-Britt Moser. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/okeefe/ biographical/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2022.

5. I used this source to learn more about John O’Keefe’s early life. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/okeefe/ speech/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2022.

6. I used this source to view John O’Keefe’s banquet speech. For more information…………. 204 The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/may-brittmoser/biographical/. Accessed 26 Dec. 2022.

7. I used this source to learn more about May-Britt Moser. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/edvardmoser/biographical/. Accessed 26 Dec. 2022.

8. I used this source to learn more about Edvard l. Moser. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/summary/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2022.

9. I used this source to get a basic gist of John O’Keefe and the Moser’s general research idea. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/edvardmoser/facts/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2022.

10. I used this source to learn facts about Edvard l. Moser. The Nobel Prize. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/okeefe/ facts/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2022.

11. I used this source to learn more about John O’Keefe’s journey, research, and collaboration. O’Keefe. Address.

12. I used this speech to quote John O’Keefe in my chapter. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el3_wTT3X3k —. Lecture.

13. I used this source for quotes in my chapter. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNIQSAPJjjs —. Lecture.

14. I used this lecture to learn more about John O’Keefe’s research and to quote my opening quote at the very beginning of the chapter. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CII-jcRE4UQ Research.com. research.com/u/edvard-i-moser. Accessed 15 Jan. 2023. For more information…………. 205

15. I used this source to learn about Edvard l. Moser’s awards/ accomplishments. Scientific Women. scientificwomen.net/women/moser-may-britt71#:~:text=Fernstr%C3%B6m’s%20Great%20Nordic%20Prize%20 (Fernstr%C3%B6m,2014%3A%20Karl%20Spencer%20Lashley%20 Award%20(. Accessed 15 Jan. 2023.

16. I used this source to learn about May-Britt Moser’s awards/ accomplishments:

Chapter 9

1. “Aziz Sancar – Facts – NobelPrize.org.” Nobel Prize, Read More.

2. “Aziz Sancar, M.D., Ph.D. | Biochemistry and Biophysics.” UNC School of Medicine, Read More.

3. Rogers, Kara. “Aziz Sancar | Biography, Facts, & Nobel Prize.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Read More.

4. Zagorski, Nick. “Profile of Aziz Sancar.” PNAS, 17 January 2019, Read More.

5. “Aziz Sancar – Interview.” nobelprize.org, 7 October 2015, Read More.

Chapter 10

1. Richard Henderson – Nobel Lecture. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Sun. 25 Sep 2022. Read More

2. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2017/henderson/facts/

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_y0wGZHkKI Path to Nobel 206

4. Henderson R, Baldwin JM, Ceska TA, Zemlin F, Beckmann E, Downing KH. Model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy. J Mol Biol. 1990 Jun 20;213(4):899-929. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80271-2. PMID: 2359127.

5. https://www.nature.com/articles/257028a0

6. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10782-0

Chapter 11

1. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/gregg-semenza

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza

3. https://hub.jhu.edu/2019/12/09/nobel-week-semenza-lecturephysiology-medicine/

4. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregg-L-Semenza

5. https://closler.org/lifelong-learning-in-clinical-excellence/a-nobelcause-an-interview-with-dr-gregg-semenza

6. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/semenza/ biographical/

7. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/advancedinformation/

8. https://www.cell.com/trends/cancer/fulltext/S2405-8033(21)00209-0

9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIF1A

10. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/semenza/photogallery/?gallery_style=page

Chapter 12

1. Arbanas, Caroline. “Nobel Awarded to Charles Rice for Hepatitis C Discoveries at Washington University School of Medicine.” Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 8 Oct. 2020, https://medicine. For more information…………. 207.

2. Arnst, John. “Charles M. Rice Shares The Nobel for Hepatitis c Research.” American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5 Oct. 2020,

3. Fenz, Katherine. “Rockefeller’s Charles M. Rice Honored with Nobel Prize for Research That Contributed to a Cure for Hepatitis C.” News, 11 Oct. 2020, Read More.

4. Clinic, Mayo. “Hepatitis C.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 31 Aug. 2021, Read More

5. Outreach, Nobel Prize. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020.” NobelPrize.org, 2020, Read More.

6. Wikipedia. “Charles M. Rice.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Oct. 2022, Read More.

7. University, Rockefeller. “Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease.” The Rockefeller University ” Lab Members.

8. University, Rockefeller. “Heads of Laboratories.” Our Scientists, 16 Nov. 2021.

9. Prize, Nobel. “Interview with Charles M. Rice, March 2021.” The Nobel Prize, Mar. 2021, Read More

10. Prize, Nobel. “Telephone Interview, October 2020.” The Nobel Prize, 2020.

11. Prize, Nobel, director. Charles M. Rice, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020: What Makes a Successful Scientist?YouTube, YouTube, 6 July 2021, Read More.

12. “Interview with Nobel Laureate Dr. Charles Rice | On Success in Science.” YouTube, YouTube, 11 Nov. 2022, Read More.

13. Sawyer, Richard, and Robert Kohler. “Oral History Interview with Charles M. Rice.” Science History Institute Digital Collections, Read More

Chapter 13

1. Broad Institute. “CRISPR Timeline.” Broad Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Dec. 2018.

2. Charpentier, Emanuelle. “Emmanuelle Charpentier Life Story.”

3. Charpentier, Emmanuelle. Emmanuelle Charpentier: “You Need Time to Do the Work in a Proper Way.” 7 Oct. 2020.

4. Doudna, Jennifer. Jennifer A. Doudna: “It Still Amazes Me Everyday.” 7 Oct. 2020, Read More.

5. “Emmanuelle Charpentier | Gruber Foundation.” Gruber.yale.edu,

6. Interview with Jennifer A. Doudna, February 2021. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Sat. 7 Jan 2023. Read More

7. Ishino, Yoshizumi, et al. “History of CRISPR-Cas from Encounter with a Mysterious Repeated Sequence to Genome Editing Technology.” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 200, no. 7, 2018, pp. e00580-17, 10.1128/ JB.00580-17.

8. “Jennifer Doudna.” Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), Read More

9. “Jennifer Doudna | Gruber Foundation.” Yale.edu, 2011.

10. “Jennifer A. Doudna | Research UC Berkeley.” Vcresearch.

11. Jinek, M., et al. “A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity.” Science, vol. 337, no. 6096, 28 June 2012, pp. 816–821, 10.1126/science.1225829.

12. Marino, M. “Biography of Jennifer A. Doudna.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 49, 1 Dec. 2004, pp. 16987–16989.

13. Marks, Lara. “The Life and Work of Jennifer Doudna.” WhatisBiotechnology.org, Oct. 2017.

14. MedlinePlus. “What Are Genome Editing and CRISPR-Cas9?” Medlineplus.gov, Medlineplus, 18 Sept. 2020, Read More.

15. “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020.” NobelPrize.org, Read More.

16. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020.” NobelPrize.org, 7 Oct. 2020, Read More.

17. “Welcome.” Www.mpusp.mpg.de, Read More

18. “What Is CRISPR?” The Jackson Laboratory.

Chapter 14

1. MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Mon. 17 Oct 2022. Read More

2. Autobiography of David Julius | The Shaw Prize Biography of David Julius | UC San Francisco (ucsf.edu)

3. Ardem Patapoutian | Scripps Research

4. Ardem Patapoutian – Facts – 2021 – NobelPrize.org

5. (PDF) TRPV1 and Piezo: the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (researchgate.net)

6. (PDF) Topical capsaicin for pain management: Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of the new high-concentration capsaicin 8 patch (researchgate.net)

7. Piezo1 ion channels inherently function as independent mechanotransducers – PubMed (nih.gov)

8. TRPV1-Targeted Drugs in Development for Human Pain Conditions – PubMed (nih.gov)